I know precisely when and where modern
Christmas was born. It was late on the evening of Thursday, 5
October, 1843. And it was on the dismal streets of the Lancaster
industrial town of Manchester, England.
Then and there a dapper 31
year old clean shaven Charles
John Huffman Dickens (above) went for a stroll. He walked purposefully
past the clattering cotton and textile mills and the stinking bleach
works.
He slipped like an alien through the laborers milling around the
foundry shops and on the docks of the befouled Irwell River - men
women and children who toiled 12
hours a day, 6 days a week, to survive on a paltry £9, 3 shillings.
It was on such walks as these ““...when all the sober folks had
gone to bed” that Charles Dickens created our Christmas.
Michelangelo
once said his David was always hidden inside the marble. All he had
to do was chip away everything which was not the young Israelite
contemplating the approaching Goliath. Writers work the same way, but
first they must create their own stones. And then they must
mercilessly chip away until they reveal the story hidden inside
themselves. Or, as sportswriter “Red” Smith put it, “You simply
sit down at the typewriter, open your veins, and bleed.” And to do
that on demand is to be a professional writer.
Charles
Dickens had achieved instant fame with his first novel, The Pickwick
Papers, published in serial form beginning in 1836.
This was followed
by the hugely popular Oliver Twist in 1837, the equally successful
Nicholas Nickleby (above) in 1838, the less successful Old Curiosity Shop, in
1840, and the forgettable and forgotten Barnaby Rudge in 1841, all
serialized in magazines.
It began to seem Charles Dickens had
peaked. But he still had to support a wife and four children, with
a fifth child on the way. He remained the sole financial support for
his impoverished parents, and other relatives in desperate straits.
And there were the demands from his tailor, for Charles Dickens was a
lifelong enthusiastic clothes horse.
In
Chapter 29 of the Pickwick Papers, published at the end of October
1837, Dickens made one of his first references to the holiday, in
the story of a garrulous old church sexton and grave digger named
Gabriel Grub. “A little before twilight one Christmas eve, Gabriel
Grub...betook himself towards the old churchyard, for he had got a
grave to finish by next morning.” On his way, Grub pauses to
threaten a young boy who is singing carols. Then, later, when he
pauses to drink from a wicker jug he is challenged by a goblin king.
"What
man wanders among graves and churchyards on such a night as this?" asked the goblin. "Gabriel Grub! Gabriel Grub!" screamed a
wild chorus of voices that seemed to fill the churchyard.”
The
goblins take Grub under the earth, and display a tableau of a lives
of a typical middle class English family, including the fate of a
dying child. “His brother and sisters crowded around his little
bed, and seized his tiny hand, so cold and heavy... What do you think
of THAT? " said the goblin...,Gabriel murmured out something
about its being very pretty.... You, a miserable man!" said the
goblin in a tone of excessive contempt...”
After
more lessons, Grub “came to the conclusion that it was a very decent
and respectable sort of world, after all...” In the morning
Gabriel Grub has mysteriously disappeared. “The lantern, the spade,
and the wicker bottle were found that day in the churchyard.” But
10 years later Grub returns, to share his story of the Christmas
goblins. It was far from a perfect holiday story. But it clearly
chipped away a few of Charles' stones.
Six
years later, on that Thursday evening of 5 October, 1843, Charles Dickens (above) faced a real financial crises. His bank account was over drawn.
Sales of his latest serialized book, Martin Chuzzlewit, had landed
with a thud in 1842. The man who had hired him to write the Pickwick
Papers, William Hall, was increasingly turning the business over his
senior partner, Edward Chapman. And it was Chapman who suggested
that Dickens' stipend be reduced from £50 to just £37 and 10
shillings a week. The author figured he would need £1,000, to
re-balance his checkbook and meet his obligations. Such were his
hopes for the creation he conceived on that late evening walk in
Manchester.
The
creation of this story, like all 15 novels and 27 short stories
Dickens would write, began with the title - “A Christmas Carol. In
Prose. Being a Ghost Story at Christmas. ”. It would not be a
novel, but a novella, only about 110 pages long and less than 30,000
words total. In keeping with the musical theme, Dickens divided the
novella not into chapters but into “Staves” (above). In American English
these 5 lines and the 4 spaces between them are referred to as a
staff, upon which musical notes are written. In English, English they are staves. On the morning train
returning him to London, Dickens began to dip his pen into ink
and scratch his solution onto paper.
Dickens
plucked the name of his central character, Ebenezer Scrooge, from a
headstone he had come across in an Edinburgh graveyard in 1841 –
Ebenezer Lennox Scroggie. The real Ebenezer had been a corn merchant
and bottler of “Scroggie's Highland Brandie”. His grave marker
called him a “meal man”, but Dickens misread the inscription as a
“mean man”, which is why he remembered the name. In truth,
Scroggie was not mean or cruel, but he was a social reprobate, a
'dirty old man', who raped a servant girl on a churchyard grave
stone, fathering a child, and broke up a solemn convocation of the
General Assembly of the Church of Scotland by groping the Countess of
Mansfield in an adjoining pew.
Scrooge's
miserliness seems to have been based on
James (Jemmy) Wood (above), famous as the “Gloucester Miser”. He was one
of the richest men in England and left an estate worth £900,000. His
primary business was the Gloucester Old Bank but Wood also owned an
undertaking business. He wore the same clothes for weeks on
end, and never took a cab when he could walk. The staff of his bank
consisted of himself and just 2 clerks. But where Wood was an active
participant in the city, Scrooges' mean spirit toward the poor was
found in philosopher Thomas Carlyle, who, when asked about the working
poor, replied, "Are there not treadmills, gibbets; even
hospitals, poor-rates, New Poor-Law?s"
The
name of Scrooge's business partner came from a sign Dickens had seen
in his childhood, “Goodge and Marney”. And Marley's chains were
the reality seen by Dickens during his 1842 tour of the Western
Penitentiary, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The crippled Tiny Tim
(called “Little Fred” or “Tiny Nick” in early drafts) was
based on Dickens' sister Fanny's 5 year old son, Henry Burnett, Jr,
whom Charles had met while in Manchester. Dickens agreed to pay for
the boy's medical care, adding to his own financial burden.
Bob
Cratchit (above, left) was just one of the 104 clerks Dickens created in his
writings. because in the era when computers were still humans, clerks
were ubiquitous in the “nation of shop keepers”. Punch
described the 1845 tongue in cheek requirements for the job. “First
take your son, and soak him well in spelling and writing. Grind in a
few ounces of grammar, stuff with arithmetic, and season with
geography. Lard with a little Latin, and baste with birch (whipping
cane) whenever you find it requisite. Serve up on a high stool, at
the first convenient opportunity.”
The
common saying went that “A good clerk is always employed”, but
the pay was meager and the restrictions were onerous. Applicants were
expected to provide a doctor’s certificate as to their health and
“steady and sober habits”. And if hired the clerk must “devote
himself exclusively to the Company’s service and interest” even
when off duty. They must also provide a 2 week salary to their boss, as “as a
security for good conduct.” Bob Cratchet worked for 15 shillings a
week, or less than $100 in modern American currency.
Dickens
wanted the book on sale no later than the Monday before Christmas,
which would be 19, December, 1843. That gave him just 74 days to
write and edit the story. But he found his publishers, Chapman And
Hall, less than enthusiastic. Edwin Chapman suggested either no
illustrations or simple woodcut drawings. But Dickens had conceived
of the book as a keepsake Christmas present, which would require
color art. When Chapman refused, Dickens agreed to pay the full cost
of publishing the still uncompleted book himself, and split the
profits with the publisher. His hoped for £1,000 profit was already
fading into the distance.
The
little tale was haunting Dickens. His sister-in-law, wrote that he
“...wept and laughed, and wept again” and that he “walked about
the black streets of London fifteen or twenty miles many a night”.
Now, Dickens had to find an artist. When his usual collaborator was
already engaged, and with time at a premium, Dickens asked John Leech (above) to create the art. Leech was journeyman known as a “rapid worker”.
But Dickens' shortage of funds forced him to limit the color
illustrations to 4, with another 4 black and white etchings.
On
Tuesday, 24, October, 1843, Dickens wrote to a Scottish friend, that
he had “...plunged headlong into a little scheme ...and set an
artist at work upon it.” And by Saturday, 2 December, 1843 his
scheme was finished. But not done. Now he began the editing and
rewrites. It was not until late in this process that Dickens changed
the penultimate line. “ He did it all, and infinitely more; and to
Tiny Tim, he was a second father”, adding the phrase describing Tiny Tim, “who did
not die”. That allowed a happy ending.
On
Sunday, 17 December, 1843, Dickens was forced to finally release the
book to the printer. Because of the color art work, and the rewrites,
if the first edition of 6,000 copies sold out completely at the
steep price of 5 shillings each (about $24 today), Dickens stood to
profit just £230, far from the £1,000 he had been hoping for. The
book went on sale Monday, 19 December. By Christmas eve, every
single copy was sold.
The
Illustrated London News praised Dickens' “impressive eloquence”
and praised the novella's “unfeigned lightness of heart—its
playful and sparkling humor... its gentle spirit of humanity".
The reviewer from the literary magazine The Anthenaeum said the story
was a "tale to make the reader laugh and cry – to...open his
heart to charity even toward the uncharitable”.
Long time Dickens
critic, Theodore Martin, writing in Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, fell
over himself to praise the author, He called the book, "a
noble book, finely felt and calculated to work much social good".
Chapman and Hall were quick to
respond to the unexpected success of Dickens little scheme. They
immediately issued a second edition, which sold out immediately, and
then a third edition before the week – and the year - was over. It
also sold out.
But almost equally quick were the folks at Peter
Parley's Illuminated Library, published by Richard Egan Lee and Henry
Hewitt. In January of 1844 they issued an almost exact copy of the
Christmas Carol, stealing Dickens work and selling it for a mere twopence. Dickens quickly sued and won, but Lee and Hewitt promptly declared bankruptcy,
leaving the author to swallow the £700 in court costs and legal
fees.
Over
the rest of 1844, 11 more additions of “A Christmas Carol” were
released. But because of Dickens' demands for quality, the printing
costs remained high, and a year later the author had profited only
£744. Stung by what he saw as Edmund Chapman's lack of faith in his
work, and burdened with a bill he felt his publishers should have
paid, Dickens left Chapman and Hall and moved to the publishing house
of Bradbury and Evans.
Since
that December of 1843, Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol has never
been out of print. But perhaps the most telling effect of Dickens' scheme was the story of a Boston factory owner who attended a Christmas eve reading by the author. The very next day this man gave all his
employees a Christmas turkey, and the day off.
But to me. “A Christmas
Carol” is proof that if you struggle hard enough and long enough,
you can become a journeyman at your profession. And if you work at
that profession diligently, once in awhile, if you are lucky, you
might achieve the level of genius.
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