VICKSBURG - Prologue

 

A thousand heads turned as the 320 men in butternut brown and faded white stepped out of the woods. In amazement, 2,000 eyes watched the 2^nd Texas Sharpshooters dressed right into a line of battle and then begin a slow and methodical march directly toward the earthen fort. Later  one of the marchers would tell his father, “ It was as if hell had been let loose, shells bursting all around, round shot plowing the ground and canister sweeping the ground by the bushel. It is a miracle how anyone escaped."

It was a little before noon, under a surprisingly warm sun, on Saturday, 4 October, 1862, just outside the little village of Cornith, Mississippi - population once 400, but after six months as a battlefield now perhaps half or a third of that number. 

Dug in just north of the earthen fort in the center of the Federal line, commander of the 63^rd Ohio Volunteer infantry, 22 year old Lieutenant-Colonel Oscar Lawrence Jackson, would later remember, "In my campaigning I had never seen anything so hard to stand as that slow, steady tramp of Rogers and his men. They made not a sound but looked as if they intended to walk right over us.”

The abatis were simply trees felled, so their confusion of interlocking upper branches forced the attackers to break formation, thus absorbing and dispersing their energy like a breakwater. As the rebels filtered through and around the barrier, three siege guns in the fort switched to round shot, 20 pound cannon balls traveling at almost supersonic speeds, smashing all before them.

Leading the methodical advance from horseback was the commander of the 2^nd Texas infantry regiment, 43 year old Houston lawyer Colonel William Peleg Rogers (above). A personal enemy of Confederate President Jefferson Davis, Rogers had inherited the regiment in April after its first commander, and one third of its men, had been shot down at the Battle of Shiloh. After which he wrote his wife, "The gallantry of our regiment is spoken of by all."

Now, faithful to Colonel Rogers' orders the Texans resumed their silent march up to the 10 foot deep trench in front of the fort. This was when Colonel Jackson ordered his buckeyes to “...give them a volley." As the smoke cleared away," said Jackson, "there was apparently ten yards square of a mass of struggling bodies in butternut clothes.....Still..., (they) gave us a volley, but fired too low. We gave them another volley and they broke back in confusion." Colonel Jackson remarked to his Buckeyes that, “...we would not have to fight these men again this day...”.

What these desperate men were dying for was possession of “...the most valuable 16 square feet in the Confederacy”, the junction of the north-south (red) Mobile and Ohio Railroad (“The vertebrae of the Confederacy”) – which ran from the port on the Gulf of Mexico to Cincinnati on “la belle rivierer” - and the east-west (blue) Memphis and Charleston Railroad – which ran from the Atlantic ports to the Memphis docks on the Mississippi.

The Texans dragged their wounded away in blankets – including 17 year old Joshua Halbert Rogers, eldest son of the rebel commander - back to the relative safety of the tree line. There Colonel Rogers reformed his regiment. And forty minutes later, just after noon, he threw them again into the maelstrom. 

This time they came at the run, screaming that high pitched unnerving trill of the Rebel Yell. And this time they were supported on the left by the 35^th Mississippi and on the right by the 42^nd Alabama infantry regiments. Three explosive shells gouged bloody gaps in their ranks, but they came on. The Yankee gunners and riflemen in and around the earthen redoubt could not miss.

Federal troops had occupied Cornith (above) at the end of May, 1862, two months after the bloody battle at Shiloh, 22 miles to the northeast. 

And now a mobile strike force of some 22,000 rebels under command of 42 year old Major General Earl Van Dorn, were attempting to retake the cross roads without which the slave states could not remain an independent nation. 

In August, Van Dorn had ordered a southern strike force to recapture the Federal outpost of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, north of New Orleans. It had almost succeeded before broadsides from Federal warships had forced the rebels to retreat. And after a bloody day on Friday, 2 October, Van Dorn's northern strike force was now tired and low on ammunition. And that was why , on the second day of the second battle of Corinth,  it was vital that Colonel William Rogers and his men take the redoubt in the center of the Federal lines. 

Sixteen year old Private James Alston McKinstry, was in Company D of the 42^nd Alabama during the second charge. He remembered, “...our men did not waver or halt, but over the tops, under the limbs, around the stumps, along the fallen trunks of the trees, like squirrels, they scrambled... when about half (way) through the abattis,.. (the Yankee fort) changed shells for grape and canister...Our yells grew fainter, and our men fell faster; but at last we reached the unobstructed ground in front of the fort, which was still a hundred yards away....and our badly scattered forces rallied on the flag. Twenty steps further, and our colors went down again...Comrade Crawford, of Company A, dropped his gun, and, almost before the flag had touched the dust, hoisted it again, and shouted: "On to the fort, boys!”

As had happened often in the first two years of war, Major General Van Dorn had gambled that boldness would force an outnumbered and badly led Yankees garrison to surrender, But 43 year old Federal commander Major General William Rosecrans (above) remained cool and actually commanded slightly more troops than Van Dorn. 

In the Yankee fort itself were the three 20 pound cannon manned by 35 Iowa gunners under Lieutenant Henry Robinet, and an Ohio regiment, straddled by another Ohio regiment and a Union Missouri infantry regiment, with a dozen cannon and another five regiments of infantry in close support. Unaware of this strength, Van Dorn pressed the attack.

Prewar Mobil, Alabama merchant, Lieutenant Charles R. Labruzan, remembered the air was filled with hissing minie balls ,canister and grape shot. “The men fell like grass,” he recalled. “I saw men, running at full speed, stop suddenly and fall upon their faces, with their brains scattered all around...I saw poor Foster throw up his hands. . . . The top of his head seemed to cave in, and the blood spouted straight up several feet.”

James McKinstry said, “Some one at this juncture shouted, "Over the walls, and drive them out;" and up the steep embankment we clambered...As we scaled the top of the parapet, a volley of musketry met us... Franks was killed with a bullet in the forehead, and, as he fell backward, he clinched me around the neck and carried me tumbling back with him to the bottom of the ditch on the outside. I was considerably rattled by the fall; but I heard Luke shout from the inside of the fort," Come on, boys; here they are;"

Almost half of Lieutenant Robinet's gunners were killed or wounded. And the Ohio Colonel Oscar Jackson, who had been certain the Texans were done,  was shot in the face by a rebel with a squirrel rifle, and fell bloodied and unconscious to the ground. For a few brief moments the Confederates were in possession of the fort. And then they were struck by a combined bayonet counterattack by the 63^rd and 43^rd Ohio and the 11^th Missouri regiments, almost 1,500 men all together. Major Andrew J. Weber of the 11th Missouri reported: "The enemy...were within 30 paces of my little line, when we arose with a yell and charged them...We retook the fort and then fired our first shot...” 

In that barrage Private McKinstry fell when. ”...a minie ball went crashing through my left hip...another went tearing through my right shoulder...and another ball crushed through my left shoulder, causing me to drop my gun and my left arm to fall limp by my side. I looked, and, lo! every one of the fifteen men who were standing with me had fallen in a heap. I looked again, and not a Confederate was in sight.” Said Major Webber, “They dashed themselves against us like water on a rock and were again repulsed and driven back."

Again the surviving rebel soldiers fell back through the abatis, and into the woods. But this time the Yankees followed, driving the survivors away from the railroad crossroads, and away from victory. By 1:00pm that afternoon, Major General Van Dorn ordered the immediate retreat of his little army.  

The Second Battle of Cornith cost Van Dorn's men some 4,200 causalities, including 1,700 captured and some 500 rebel dead littering the field. On Sunday morning of 5 October 1862, the 2^nd Texas regiment could only muster 124 men for duty.  Federal losses were only half that. General Rosecrans had the bullet riddled body of Texas Colonel William Rogers (above) buried with full military honors. But because he felt his own men were winded by the battle, Rosecrans waited 24 hours before following up the retreating rebels.   

His superior, Federal Major-General Ulysses Grant, felt Rosecrans could have, should have done more, and reprimanded him  for not being more aggressive. But Grant also recognized that he had been handed a great opportunity in Mississippi, the chance to capture the vital point of Vicksburg with a slight of hand.  

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WINING THE NOMINATION - Lincoln's Path to Success

 

I know that Abraham Lincoln read Shakespeare, which makes the events at the Illinois Republican state convention in Decatur on 9 May, 1860, so revealing. Three times the 22 delegates demanded that Lincoln “identify your work!”, and three times their nominee refused to claim which of the boards supporting his campaign banners had come from logs he himself had split. Like Julius Caesar three times refusing the crown of a Roman king, each display of modesty drove the crowd into a greater frenzy. 

It was this invention of “Lincoln The RailSplitter” which marked “Honest Abe” as a real contender for the Presidential nomination, one week later at the Republican National Convention. Clearly, Abraham was prepared to perform exactly the kind of theatrics required in politics.

Just a year earlier Lincoln appeared to have given up any Presidential ambitions. In March of 1859 he had written a friend, “Seriously, I do not think I am fit for the Presidency.” But two events in early 1860, changed his mind. First, at the end of February, Lincoln gave a speech at the prestigious New York City private college, the Cooper Union. His arguments against slavery in that speech were reprinted in newspapers across the north and received positively. And secondly, in the last week of April the Democratic Party convention in Charleston adjourned after 57 ballots, unable to agree on a nominee. With Democrats splitting into three wings, the young Republican party had a real chance to win the November election.

Senator William Seward was the presumptive Republican nominee. At 70 members, his own New York delegation was the largest. The dour NYC banker and merchant Edwin Morgan (above), also a Seward man,  was the Republican Party National Chairman. And the crafty Thurlow Weed, “The Wizard of the Lobby”, who had helped build Seward's reputation for more than two decades, was in Chicago, where the convention would be held. Even eight members of the Illinois delegation were suspected of preferring Seward to Lincoln. Chairman Morgan had even chosen the city of 100,000 on the lake as a bribe for Illinois Party Chairman Norman Judd., as was the tempting offer to name Judd, Seward's nominee for Vice President.

All that Lincoln had to offer was himself, but for a few that was enough. Their leader was the imposing Judge David Davis (above). He had presided over the Illinois Eighth Circuit Court, deciding almost 90 cases lawyered by Lincoln. And although he decided only forty in Lincoln's favor, Davis trusted the younger man enough to ask him to substitute for the judge occasionally. Davis described Lincoln as “a peculiar man; he never asked my advice on any question.” 

But when new lawyer Leonard Swett joined the circuit, he was introduced to Davis and Lincoln, dressed in their nightshirts, as they engaged in a boisterous pillow fight. Swett became Lincoln's most trusted friend. Also working for the prairie lawyer was Lincoln's longtime law partner, the big, jovial hard drinking Virginian born, Ward Lamon (above).

Judge Davis was an abolitionist. Lamon's family owned slaves and he hated abolitionists. Swett (above) preferred a good fight, a guitar and a jug of whiskey over politics. This diverse trio, along with a few dozen others, sacrificed their time and money to try to win the nomination for Lincoln. 

They started late, having to beg people to give up their reservations at the Tremont hotel (above). Davis spent $700 out of his own pocket to empty the needed rooms, and more to stock them with  whiskey and food, but on the Friday, four days before the convention opened, the Lincoln men were headquartered at the Tremont, ready to the seduce the arriving delegates.  Said Swett,  “I did not, the whole week I was there, sleep two hours a night.”

The delegates arrived by foot and horseback, carried on lake steamers or the dozen rail lines serving Chicago - 10,000 delegates, alternates, reporters and spectators, all converging five blocks from the Tremont, at a two story, 5,000 square foot timber building which had not existed five weeks earlier. They called the $6,000 structure “The Wigwam” (above). 

Writer Isaac Hill Bromley described the scene, “The stage proper (above, left) was of sufficient capacity to hold all the delegates, who were seated on either side of a slightly elevated dais...

 The galleries were reserved (above, FG) (for)...the miscellaneous public ( above, center)...four or five thousand stood in the aisles and all the available unoccupied space....the delegates could be seen from all parts of the auditorium...Something of convenience was sacrificed to dramatic effect. The convention was just then ‘The greatest show on earth.”

There were just 465 voting delegates from 24 states, and the District of Columbia. As they arrived - but especially the delegates from the four swing states that would likely carry the November election,  Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey -  they were met and courted by agents representing Seward, Lincoln and a half dozen other “favorite son” candidates. The Seward men,  headquartered in the upscale Richmond House, were particularly blunt in their tactics. Before the convention had even started, on Tuesday, 15 May, the Illinois delegation was offered a campaign chest of $100,000 for the fall election, if they would vote for Lincoln as Seward's Vice President. The same offer was made to the Indiana delegation, and New Jersey. It was an attempt to derail Lincoln, and win the nomination for Seward on the first ballot. But it backfired. Illinois party chief Norman Judd felt betrayed, realizing he was probably just one of many offered the V.P. spot. When the convention opened the next day at ten minutes after noon, Judd threw his full support behind Lincoln.

The 54 members of the Pennsylvania delegation were pledged to vote on the first ballot for their “favorite son”, Senator Simon Cameron (above).  Cameron, meanwhile had assured Thurlow Weed he would sell his delegation for a cabinet post, and Seward expected to win the nomination by at least the  third ballot. In fact almost half of the Pennsylvania delegation hated Cameron so much, they were secretly prepared to vote for anybody else. The only question was for whom? 

In another sign Thurlow Weed had over played his hand, the dapper Illinois party chairman Norman Judd (above) managed to isolate the New York delegation in the back of the stage, and seated the Keystone delegates between the Indiana and Illinois delegations – 22 and 26 delegates each– where Illinois Lieutenant Governor Gustave Koerner and Indiana Gubernatorial candidate Caleb Smith could reminded the Pennsylvanians that Lincoln was an alternative to Seward and Cameron.

Missouri's delegate's were pledged to vote for Representative Edward Bates (above), despite his being an unrepentant Know Nothing, who despised Catholics and foreigners - such as the German Catholics in St. Louis, Chicago and Cincinnati.  

Bates was being marketed by the owner and editor of the New York Tribune, Horace Greeley (above). Even tho the newspaperman had never been west of Iowa, Greeley was an Oregon delegate, and would deliver Oregon's 8 votes, along with Missouri's 18, to Bates because Greeley was convinced Seward was too radical to carry the swing states.  Ohio's 48 delegates were pledged to support Salomen P. Chase, who was openly opposed to slavery, and therefore, according to the experts, even more un-electable, than Seward. 

Seward's perceived radicalism also worried party leaders in Maine and Massachusetts – 16 and 26 delegates respectively. The New York Senator (above, right) had told the truth, that democracy and slavery were in an "irrepressible conflict",  just as Lincoln had said "a house divided against itself, can not stand". But Seward told his truth in 1858, on the senate floor, and earned the hatred of Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis (above, left). The perception was that Seward was the radical. So the New Engenders had already reached a quiet deal with most of the delegates from Pennsylvania and Ohio to jointly, that after the first ballot, they would abandon their favorite sons and support somebody, anybody, but Seward. The only question was, again, who? The name that kept coming up was Lincoln. 

Although he had been a favorite son candidate at the 1856 convention, Lincoln was still an unknown quantity to most of the delegates But thanks to Judge Davis' strategy, he had become, the convention's second choice. If they couldn't have Seward, or Bates, or Chase, then the vast majority of delegates was willing to nominate Lincoln. But to strengthen that argument, Judge Davis figured Lincoln had to get at least 100 votes on the first ballot, just under half way to the 233 needed to win the nomination.

It is true that Lincoln telegraphed from Springfield, warning Judge Davis that he would not make political compromises to become President. But years later Chicago Attorney Wirt Dexter suggested that Davis was guilty of the same sin he had accused Thurlow Weed of - offering duplicate rewards to politicians from several delegations. “You must have prevaricated somewhat”, suggested Dexter. To which Judge Davis shouted in his high pitched voice, “PREVARICATED, Brother Dexter? We lied like hell!”

On Friday, as the temperature and emotions inside and outside the Wigwam climbed, Thurlow Weed pulled a final rabbit out of his hat - retired bare knuckle champion, Tom Hyer (above). The 6'2”, 185 pound boxer earned his living as an enforcer for William “Bill The Butcher” Poole, leader of a notorious New York City five points gang, until Bill had been shot and killed in an 1855 bar fight. 

The now 41 year old Hyer was reduced to a Know Nothing celebrity thug, and this Friday he was leading a brass band and 2,000 New York “pug-ugly” Seward (above) supporters, marching to the Wigwam, singing “Oh, isn't he a dar-ling! With his grace-ful ways,. And his eye so gay. Yes, he's a lit-tle dar-ling. To me he is di-vine. He loves me too, with a heart so true. This charming beau of mine.” 

It was an impressive and enthusiastic parade, until Hyer and his iron voiced shouters reached the convention hall, where their way was blocked by a crowd of perhaps 25,000 loungers and fast food sellers.  When they finally worked their way to the doors and presented their tickets, they were denied entrance to the Wigwam. The spectator gallery, even the standing space between the aisles was already full. And every person inside had a ticket,  just like all the pug-uglies now trapped outside.

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The man responsible for this feat of legerdemain was Lincoln's hard drinking Virginian troubadour, Ward Lamon (above). He had printed up several thousand counterfeit tickets for the Wigwam, and the Lincoln supporters had presented their forgeries at 9 a.m., flooding the building an hour before Tom Hyer's parade arrived. The Seward forces made desperate calls for the Sargent-at-arms to check spectator tickets, but given that the day before Judge Davis had charged the Seward forces with handing out counterfeits, and that the building was crammed almost to bursting, the functionaries decided not to get involved in the infighting. Besides, the real battle was on the stage, among the delegates.

When Lincoln's name was placed in nomination, the screaming was so loud the Wigwam’s windows trembled “as if they had been pelted with hail.” Said Swettt, “Five thousand people leaped from their seats, women not wanting...A thousand steam whistles, ten acres of hotel gongs, a tribe of Comanches might have mingled in the scene unnoticed.” On the first ballot, Seward (above, being thrown overboard) led as expected, with 173 votes. But Lincoln (with his hand on the rudder) was second with 102 votes. Cameron got 50 of Pennsylvania’s 54 votes, just ahead of Ohio's Salomen Chase's 49 votes. The best that Horace Greeley's (right of Lincoln) candidate Edward Bates (right of Greeley)  could collect was 48, with 8 other favorite sons getting less than 14 votes each.

Immediately Lincoln's men moved for a second ballot, before Thurlow Weed (above) could get the attention of the chairman, or could reach out to sway delegates. At the same time Judge Davis managed to solidify a deal with the sleazy Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania, agreeing to make him Lincoln's Secretary of War. In fact the Pennsylvania delegates had already agreed to bolt for Lincoln, and on the second ballot. Weed gained 11 votes for Seward, but Lincoln gained 79, most of those coming at the expense of Cameron and Bates.

Seward's fate was sealed on the third ballot. He lost 4 more votes. Lincoln gained another 50 votes, most coming from Maryland, Kentucky and Virginia. The Rail Splitter was now just one vote away from the nomination. The Wigwam erupted in shouting, cheering and cursing, until the chairman of the Ohio delegation, David Cartter, got the chairman's attention, and stuttered, “I-I arise, Mr. Chairman, to a-announce the ch-change of four votes, from Mr. Chase to Abraham Lincoln!” .

Writer Bromley observed the pandemonium as delegation after delegation clamored for the Chairman's attention to shift their votes to Lincoln “On the platform near me...the Indiana men generally were smashing hats and hugging each other; the Illinois men did everything except stand on their heads; hands were flying wildly in the air, everybody’s mouth was open, and bedlam seemed loose. The din of it was terrific. Seen from the stage it seemed to be twenty thousand mouths in full blast…” The final count for the official third ballot gave Lincoln 364 votes. Lincoln had won.

Buckeye newspaperman Murate Halsted disagreed. “The fact of the Convention was the defeat of Seward rather than the nomination of Lincoln.” That may have been true in May of 1860, perhaps even in March of 1861 when Lincoln took the oath of office as President. 

But on one January, 1863, when the Emancipation Proclamation became law, Lincoln became more than a mere politician, more than a mere victor. He achieved the potential that diverse group of men from the 8^th Circuit Court had seen in Lincoln, (even the slave holder  Ward Lamon),  the reason they had sacrificed and worked, to make him president, not because he could be, but because they knew he should be.

On that Friday evening, some of the delegates who had just voted to nominate Abraham Lincoln, were lining up out side of Chicago's McVicker's Theater, to see Tom Taylor's two year old play, “Our American Cousin” (above). In one month short of five years, Abraham Lincoln would finally see the play for himself, at Ford's Theater in Washington, on the night he was murdered. 

And on 13 November of 1869 the building where his nomination happened, the Wigwam, departed this earth.  It had served as a barracks for soldiers, a theater and finally an indoor shopping mall. According to the Chicago Tribune "...the grandest and...most dilapidated structure in the United States...departed in a volume of fire and a cloud of smoke at 9 o'clock last night".  Arson was strongly suspected.

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