I have a mission for you. Succeed and you will be rich beyond your wildest dreams. Fail and you will spend the rest of your life in the deepest darkest prison on earth. Assuming you live. The object of this mission is a 48 year old white male, being held prisoner on a remote volcanic island (above). It has no port and only one small beach. Oh, and no helicopters, airplanes, or anything with winky, blinky lights.
The nearest land is another island 800 miles to the northwest. The nearest major landmass is 1,200 miles to the east. Your mission must be accomplished without using aircraft or balloons, motorboats, radio, high explosives or electricity. You see, it is 1817, before all of those tools were invented.
Your mission is to rescue Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on the island of St. Helena.
It is hard to imagine today the terror Napoleon Bonaparte inspired in the British ruling class. He had not a drop of royal blood in his veins, and no privileged education. Yet, in 1796, as a lowly general the "Corsican Ogre" humiliated and defeated an entire Austrian Army in northern Italy.
Then in 1798, like a new Pharaoh, he conquered Egypt.
He was elected Emperor of France in 1804, and six months later also crowned King of Italy. For almost two years his Grand Army threatened an invasion of England.
Then suddenly "Le petit Corporal" spun about and almost without firing a shot, captured Vienna and an Austrian army of 30,000 men.
A month later his Grande Armee' of 65,000 men was cornered in Czechoslovakia by a combined Russian and Austrian army of 85,000 men. In a matter of hours he forced them to surrender. After surrendering, Czar Alexander was forced to admit, “We are babies in the hands of a giant.”
The famous quatrains of Nostradamus were quoted as predicting Napoleon's rise: “An Emperor will be born near Italy”. Everywhere he went Kings were overthrown, kingdom's collapsed, and fortunes evaporated. Napoleon closed Europe to all English trade, and cost English bankers vast treasure, not even counting the wealth they had to spend on ships and men of their own. To the English Napoleon was the “bogeyman of Europe.”
In 1814, after fifteen years and five million dead, Napoleon was finally cornered and forced to abdicate.
A year later he escaped, and in the famous "One Hundred Days" reconquered France, recruited a new army of 72,000 men, invaded Belgium and defeated a Prussian army of 84,000 men.
Finally, at the “very close” battle of Waterloo, on Sunday, 18 June, 1815, Napoleon was stopped only by the sacrifice of another 45,000 lives. This time the British were determined to lock “Boney” away where he could never escape.
The prison they picked in 1816 was St Helena (above), a wind swept tropical volcanic island rising 2,000 feet out of the south Atlantic, a third of the way between Africa and South America.
Its arid coastal cliffs were cleaved by a half dozen V shaped canyons where rivers fell from the humid forested interior. Lord Liverpool, the British Prime Minister, assured his cabinet, “At such a distance and in such a place, all intrigue would be impossible.” But they were still taking no chances.
Napoleon and his small retinue were watched round the clock by 2,800 soldiers and 500 cannon headquartered in a fort overlooking his single story mansion called Longwood near the island's center (above). A British officer was required to set eyes upon Napoleon twice a day to verify his captivity.
He was not allowed out side after sunset, nor if there was an unidentified sail on the horizon. He was never allowed near the shore, even atop the high cliffs. . Eleven British warships patrolled the seas around the island twenty-four hours a day, three hundred and sixty-five days a year.
Residents of the island's only village, Jamestown (above), were allowed out after 9 pm and only with a signed pass. At sunset every boat on the tiny island was secured under armed guard and every bridge and gate was locked.
But, of course, from the moment of his imprisonment there were those who wanted to set “The Thief of Europe” free again. As the small fleet carrying Napoleon sailed for St. Helena, they were forced to evade "The True Blooded Yankee", a privateer sailing under revolutionaries out of Buenos Aires. It was likely the ship had been financed by Napoleon's brother Joseph, one time King of Spain, who had escaped to America with 20 million francs. A group of retired French officers, who had emigrated to Texas were also raising more funds and plotting further escape attempts.
And there were others, more surprising, such as the legendary British Admiral Thomas Cochrane (above), AKA “the Sea Wolf”. Two years after this brilliant officer commanded the naval squadron that burned Washington D.C. in 1814, Cochrane was convicted of stock fraud, and forced to resign from the British Navy.
Bitter, he sold his skills to Chile, where he founded their navy and helped win their independence from Spain. And whispers now hinted that the now aging Cochrane (above) was willing to assemble a fleet to free Napoleon so he could lead the revolutionaries in South America to establish a new empire.
But the man all the would-be rescuers sought out was a common smuggler named Tom Johnson (above). He'd been born to Irish parents living in southern England, and had become a successful smuggler by the age of 12. The revenue agents caught him twice, but after his second escape he somehow managed to reach France.
Using his knowledge of the English coast Tom Johnson quickly again became such a successful smuggler that when Napoleon was planning his invasion of England, he met with Tom and offered him a command in the French navy. Tom said no, so Napoleon threw the smuggler into prison.
After nine months Tom escaped yet again, and was later caught by a British warship almost within sight of America. But this time the Admiralty was desperate enough to grant Tom a pardon and put him on the payroll. And one of the first jobs they gave him was to review a new invention being offered to save England from Napoleon's invasion fleet - a submarine.
In 1800 American Robert Fulton (above) built a working prototype for the French revolutionaries. The four man crew of the Nautilus were supplied with air up to 25 feet under the surface via a snorkel. Underwater she was faster than a row boat on the surface, and while on the surface the Nautilus was powered by a sail which ingeniously popped up from a deck hanger. But Napoleon took one look at the leaky thing and decided Fulton was a fraud. He ordered the prototype destroyed. That was when the British offered Fulton the modern equivalent of $10 million if he could build another submarine for England.
Maybe the Admiralty never thought it would work, and they hired Fulton just to keep him occupied. But the inventor still brought to the task his experience and plans for an even bigger submarine. The Nautilus II (above) would be 35 feet long, with a crew of six, two snorkels, a bigger sail and could remain at sea for up to 20 days. At Dover, the master smuggler Tom Johnson went over the plans with Fulton, and they discussed them in detail.
But after the British Navy destroyed the French and Spanish fleets at the battle of Trafalgar (above) in 1805, they had no need of Fulton's submarine. Discouraged, Fulton took the offer to build a commercial surface steam boat in New York. But the smuggler Tom Johnson was still interested in the idea. That, plus Johnson's reputation for audacity, convinced some body that the old smuggler should be offered the equivalent of $3 million to rescue Napoleon.
The plan conceived by Johnson involved two submarines. The larger one, ala the Nautilus II, would approach St. Helena at night from the leeward side (above), and then submerge at dawn.
The next evening, the first submarine would resurface and launch the smaller sub (above), which would land Johnson and another man at the foot of the cliffs on the north side of the island .
Johnson would ascend the cliff, where he would install a bosun's chair. Then he would make his way to Longwood, where he would slip past the British guards. The next evening, Johnson and Napoleon would sneak out for the cliff. Napoleon would be lowered in the chair, and be spirited away before dawn in the submarines.
In 1818 the Times of London reported on rumors of a plot to rescue Napoleon, and ex-Admiral Cochrane's wife assured several people that such a plan existed. It might all have been a fantasy, except we know from British Admiralty records that early in 1820 a commission of senior officers reviewed expense accounts for a submarine, built by Johnson and funded by French and South American supporters of Napoleon.
And leading that commission which studied the expense accounts was General Sir George Cockburn (above), the soldier who had burned down the White House in 1814, while under orders from his brother Admiral Thomas Cochrane. The records show Johnson was asking for 100,000 pounds, and the sailors gave him just 4,735 pounds. But clearly there was at least one submarine in existence in 1820, and Johnson had control of it.
It seems unlikely that Johnson’s submarine could have accomplished the rescue mission. More than likely, Johnson's plot was a scam to obtain money from Napoleon's supporters, or the British, or both. But if Johnson had not intended upon trying, why, late one night in November of 1820, did Tom Johnson try to steal the sub he had built for the British Navy?
He got as far as London Bridge (above), when the British navy caught up with him. And according to a Thames boatman who witnessed the scene, “Captain Johnson...(was) threatening to shoot them. But they paid no attention to his threats, seized her (the submarine) and taking her to Blackwall, burned her.” Thus ended the impossible mission.
And remember Ascension Island, 800 miles to the northwest of St. Helena? Well, in 1815 British marines were sent ashore to occupy it, in the unlikely event that some one might wish to use it as a base to rescue Napoleon. And as they splashed ashore they reported some one had left a written a message in the beach sand; “Le mai l'Empereur Napoleon vit pour toujours” It translated as, “May the Emperor Napoleon live forever!”
He did not. Napoleon Bonaparte died on St. Helena in May of 1821, possibly of stomach cancer, or possibly from arsenic poisoning: by whom is any one's guess. Tom Johnson was sent to debtors prison, and while there seems to have contributed to a fanciful retelling of his plan to rescue Napoleon. Perhaps, just to shut him up, upon his release ,Johnson was granted a pension of 20 pounds a month, and he retired to Southern England. In 1832 Admiral Thomas Cochrane was restored to his full rank in the British Navy, and was later even promoted to Real Admiral. He died in 1860.
Considering the entire tale from beginning to end, I have to say, had it not involved Napoleon, I would have called it impossible. But with Napoleon, nothing was ever impossible.
- 30 -
