AMERICAN MURDER Part Six

 

I would call him a prime example of the past being prologue. Timothy Pickering (above) was a hot headed right-wing nut the President had been forced to include in his cabinet to appease the ultra-conservatives who threatened to tear his administration apart. In this case the President was George Washington and the appeasement was part of the Federalists “New England” strategy. 

When the Federal capital moved from New York to Philadelphia in 1791 (above), Pickering was tapped to run the Post Office. During Washington's second term, from January to December 1795, Pickering was appointed the Secretary of War. 

Then he became Secretary of State, a post he held into the next administration,  until May of 1800 when President John Adams fired him because Pickering was in favor of declaring war against France.

This was the namesake of  Fort Pickering.  And it was appropriate that “his” fort, standing on the bluffs (above) above the Mississippi River, was half military establishment and half private enterprise, which sold and distributed goods to the Chickasaw Indian nation. They called this hybrid a “factor”.  Captain Meriwether Lewis had commanded this post for awhile back in the 1790's, and now as Governor for Northern Louisiana Territory, Lewis was back. But this was a far from triumphal return. He had to be carried into the post on a stretcher.

The fort stood back from the Mississippi River, atop the fourth of the Chickasaw bluffs, in the midst of what is today Memphis, Tennessee. It was not a prime landing spot, but at least it had fewer mosquitoes than New Madrid,  and once there Lewis began to improve quickly.  The day after his arrival, on Saturday 16 September 1809, Lewis wrote to President James Madison that “I arrived here yesterday...very much exhausted from the heat...but having taken medicine, feel much better this morning.”

The medicine he had been taking was a combination of opium and alcohol, known as laudanum. It was highly addictive and the Governor was probably on the roller coaster of highs and lows. Probably on one of his highs he wrote to President Madison that he was not continuing down the Mississippi as planned, but rather would be coming overland via the Natchez Trace. 

Then Lewis mentioned his real reason for all this effort. “I bring with me”, he wrote, “duplicates of my vouchers for public expenditures... which when fully explained...will receive both sanction and approbation and sanction.” As a final needling point, Lewis included in his letter those territorial laws he had translated into French, and the rejection letter refusing to pay him $12 for his effort , which had inspired this horrendous journey.

Lt. Gilbert Russel, the commander of Fort Pickering, had ordered the post medic to prevent Governor Lewis from drinking anymore laudanum. Under this regimen, wrote Lt. Russel, “...all symptoms of derangement disappeared and he was completely in his senses...”. Within a week the Governor was ready and eager to continue his journey. But Lt. Russel thought he ought to accompany him. 

Russel's accounts had also been questioned by the bureaucrats in the War Department, and Russel was awaiting permission from his boss, Major General Wilkerson, Governor of Lower Louisiana Territory, to also return to Washington so he also could have it out with those annoying bean counters.  In fact, I suspect, that it was Russel who convinced Governor Lewis to change his travel plans and proceed overland. It would be far more effective for both of these men to make their appeals together, and safer for Governor Lewis if he had someone to watch his laudanum consumption during the trip back.

However, almost two weeks went by, and still there was no release from General Wilkerson. Lewis was anxious to get moving and. Lewis likely also suspected Russel's connections with Wilkinson. But just when it seemed as if Russel would have to send the Governor off into the wilderness alone, a seeming savior arrived at Fort Pickering; James Neelly; agent to the Chickasaw Indians, and an ex-army major.

Neelly was supposed to be a delivering a white prisoner to be shipped down to New Orleans for trial. He had brought the man from his post at the Chickasaw Nation, some 100 miles south-south east of Fort Pickering. And by what seemed at the time to be a happy coincidence, Neelly now had urgent business in Franklin, Tennessee, just 20 miles south west of Nashville - Governor Lewis' intermediate destination. Perhaps Neelly could accompany Lewis and watch over him. But there was a catch, of course.

Neely was not good material for a guardian angel. He was an alcoholic and the worst kind of gambler, which is say an inveterate one. He gambled on cards, horse races and he was also, of course a land speculator.  And like most gamblers, he usually lost. His gambling had put him in debt to just about everybody he knew, even his boss, Major General James Wilkerson. Just the month before he had asked the penny pinching Secretary of War, William Eustis, for a loan. Good luck with that. But if James thought he might put “the touch” on Governor Lewis, he was quickly dissuaded.  Lewis was also a land speculator, and also broke.

On Wednesday, 27 September 1809,  Lt. Russel signed the paperwork loaning Lewis two of the fort's horses and a saddle, and gave him a personal check for $100. In return Governor Meriwether Lewis signed an IOU for $379.58. This trip, undertaken to settle his financial problems, was putting Lewis deeper in debt.

Before dawn, two days later, Governor Lewis and James Neelly, along with their servants, an Indian interpreter and a few Chickasaws, left the fort by horseback. Three days later, on 3 October,  they reached Big Town. It was not much smaller than St. Louis, with 1,000 residents living in 300 log cabins, interspaced with fields of corn, rice, tobacco and cotton.  

The fields were worked by African American slaves, something the Chickasaws had in common with the European Americans, along with their Christian religion. But these conversions would not protect the "savages" from the soulless greed of President Andrew Jackson who in a generation would steal their land and force march these Christians onto the deadly "Trail of Tears".

In Big Town Lewis and Neeley picked up the Natchez Trace, the “Devils Backbone” well worn rail which 0wound north-eastward through the dark and ominous forest to Meriwether Lewis' final destination.

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