AARON BURR and the Great Game

I hate to break it to you, but America's founding fathers were the most argumentative bunch of back stabbing duplicitous ego maniacs on the North American continent. Just consider what they said about each other. 

Thomas Jefferson called our second and shortest president, John Adams (above) , a senile fool and a hideous hermaphroditic. 

Adams called his fellow Federalist Alexander Hamilton (above), “That bastard brat of a Scottish peddler!”, and accused him of possessing  "a superabundance of secretions, which he couldn't find enough whores to absorb!” 

And Adams described Thomas Jefferson (above), leader and founder of opposition Democratic- Republicans Party, as a man whose “soul is poisoned with ambition.”  Hamilton agreed on that, calling Jefferson a “howling atheist”. 

And then there was New York's Aaron Burr (above). Nobody trusted Burr.

“Politics is a great game for fun, honor, and profit.”

Aaron Burr

The always charming Aaron Burr  was urbane and witty, with a healthy disrespect for his own legal profession, asserting “Law is whatever is boldly asserted and plausibly maintained.” He loved politics so much he converted the social club which met at the Tammany Hotel into the center of New York State Democratic politics for the next 200 years, while still maintaining alliances with moderate Federalists.

 Aaron's only child, Theodosia (above), paid him perhaps the greatest compliment I have ever heard, when she said, “I had rather not live than not to be the daughter of such a man.” The only problem was Aaron Burr kept out smarting the smartest men in America. Including himself.

“As to Burr...he is a man of extreme and irregular ambition; that he is selfish to a degree which excludes all social affections, and that he is decidedly profligate. “

Alexander Hamilton

In early 1799 the Democrat Aaron Burr offered a plan to bring water into Manhattan, and convinced the impulsive and arrogant Federalist leader Alexander Hamilton (above)  to support the bill  But buried in the minutia was authorization to charter the Bank of Manhattan. And once the bill passed the state legislature, the water project was quickly dropped, and what would one day be Chase Manhattan Bank started moving money for Democratic politicians. Hamilton, “the little lion”, never forgave Burr for fooling him. 

But the belligerent Hamilton (above) would never admit his grudge with Burr was anything but a matter of principle  Federalists like Hamilton favored an active government, and Thomas Jefferson's Democrats preferred a government small enough not to threaten slavery or the bankers.

“It has been a source of great pain to me to have met with so many among [my] opponents who... transferred at once to the person, the hatred they bore to his political opinions.”

Thomas Jefferson

"Mad Tom" Jefferson's problem was he didn't trust Burrr, but he needed New York's electoral votes. Under the new constitution each “Presidential Elector” was required to vote for two candidates - at least one from outside his home state - with the second highest vote getter becoming Vice-President. Four years earlier, in 1796, Democrat Jefferson got 60 electoral votes and became Vice President. He then spent the next four years undermining the Federalist Adams administration from the inside. This time the two parties tried to coordinate their votes to ensure the “P” and the “VP” would both be from the same party. But as the secret ballots trickled in to Washington during December of 1800, it “leaked” that the Democrats in South Carolina – the last state in which electors were chosen - had screwed up. Both Jefferson and Burr ended up with 73 votes for President – both one vote short of the required 74 vote majority. It was presumed that most Democrats wanted Jefferson to take the top office. Jefferson certainly thought so.

“Slander has slain more than the sword.”

Aaron Burr

As designed just 12 years earlier (Article II, Section 1, clause 3 of the still new Constitution), if two candidates were tied for Presidency, “then the House of Representatives shall immediately chose by ballot one of them for President...each state having one vote.” So, having trudged to the capital through heavy snow on Wednesday 11 February, 1801, the Electoral votes were officially counted. They confirmed the Democrat's worst nightmare. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr were tied, with 73 votes each for the Presidency. The lame duck House of Representatives (56 Federalists to 49 Democrats), voting by state, could only choose between those two Democrats. And most all of the Federalists then voted for the New Yorker, just to spit in Thomas Jefferson's eye.

“Men of energy of character must have enemies”

Thomas Jefferson

Everybody knew "Mad Tom" Jefferson would have to swallow a deal.  Burr expected it. In December, Burr had written to a supporter in Philadelphia that he would not compete .with Jefferson. “Be assured that the Federal party can entertain no such wish...”  Hamilton had offered a deal to the sage of Monticello in January, saying that if Jefferson would promise to preserve Hamilton's First National Bank and to not to fire every Federalist working for the government, then a few Federalists would vote for Jefferson. The "principled" Jefferson refused. So the process would have to play itself out.

“The rule of my life is to make business a pleasure and pleasure my business.”

Aaron Burr

It would only take nine votes to win the top office in 1800, with Congress meeting in the dome-less capital (above). But on the first ballot Thomas Jefferson received just eight votes, with the Federalists giving Burr six.  The Vermont and Maryland delegations were split and handed in blank ballots. Immediately the House began a second vote, with the same result. After 19 duplicate votes, at three  the next morning, Thursday 12 February, the exhausted House decided to adjourn until daylight. But nothing changed, not on Thursday, not on Friday the thirteenth and not on Saturday.

 Saturday night, Federalist James Asheton Bayard (above), the single congressman from Delaware, decided somebody had to do something. So he did it.

“Never do today what you can do tomorrow. Something may occur to make you regret your premature action.”

Aaron Burr

Congressman Bayard (above) offered Jefferson a scaled back version of the same deal Hamilton had offered a month earlier. If Jefferson would promise to keep the National Bank – forerunner of the Federal Reserve system – and not to replace the Federalist custom officials in Philadelphia and Wilmington, Bayard  - and thus Delaware -  would abstain on the next vote. That would still leave Jefferson with just eight votes, but that would now be a majority "of those states voting".  

On Sunday, 15 February, while the offer was transmitted to Jefferson in Monticello, Virginia, Bayard broke the news of his offer to the Federalist caucus. According to Bayard, the resulting cries of “traitor” were loud and “prodigious, the reproaches vehement.” Bayard finally agreed to wait until Burr could respond to the same deal.

“Great souls have little use for small morals.”

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's response arrived Monday morning, 16 February – a quite impressive less than 24 hour turn around, given that Monticello (above)  was ninety miles each way by terrible roads from the new “Federal District.”  Jefferson would later claim to have turned down the deal   But once in the White House he kept the National bank, despite his campaign promises to dismantle it. And he kept most of the Federalists officials in Baltimore, Maryland and Wilmington, Delaware. 

And when Aaron Burr's response arrived later that same morning, the deal was sealed. Someone destroyed Burr's letter, but Congressman Bayard wrote later, “Burr has acted a miserable paltry part. The election was in his power.” Whatever Aaron Burr's sentiments, there is no evidence he had lifted a finger to challenge Jefferson for the Presidency. And for that, Thomas Jefferson never forgave him.

“I fear Mr. Burr is unprincipled, both as a public and a private man. In fact, I take it he is for or against nothing but as it suits his interest and ambition.”

Alexander Hamilton

At noon on Monday, 17 February 1801, the House cast its 36^th ballot. Delaware abstained, and Thomas Jefferson became the third President of the United States. Aaron Burr (above) became Vice President. Federalist leader Alexander Hamilton had been writing his allies for two months that they should  accept Jefferson, telling one, “Mr. Jefferson, though too revolutionary...is yet a lover of liberty...Mr. Burr loves nothing but himself.” It seems that the Secretary of the Treasury hated Burr more than he loved his own politics.

“A fondness for power is implanted, in most men, and it is natural to abuse it, when acquired.”

Alexander Hamilton

And where was “the most restless, impatient, artful...and unprincipled intriguer in the United  States” (according to Hamilton) during the week that he could have become the third President of the United States? During the first half of February, 1801, Aaron Burr was in Albany, New York, supervising and attending the wedding of his daughter, Theodosia Burr (above) , to Mr. Joseph Alston, a plantation owner from South Carolina. The newlyweds were the first couple known to have honeymooned at Niagara Falls. The proud father of the bride did not leave Albany until well after the election was settled. It seems that most of the intrigue and duplicity attributed to Aaron Burr, existed mostly in the imaginations of his political opponents.

“Hamilton was indeed a singular character. Of acute understanding...honest, and honorable in all private transactions...yet so bewitched and perverted...as to be... (convinced) that corruption was essential to the government of a nation.”

Thomas Jefferson

Distrusted by Jefferson, Aaron Burr served only one term as Vice President. Instead, in 1804 he ran for Governor of New York but fell victim to a nasty smear campaign directed by Alexander Hamilton. On Wednesday, 11 July, 1804,  the two old enemies met on the same field in Weehawken, New Jersey,  where Hamilton's son had been killed in a duel ten years earlier. (above)  Hamilton's shot missed. Burr's shot hit Hamilton in the abdomen and the Federalist leader died the next day. And that seemed to be the end of Aaron Burr's political life. He exiled himself to Europe for two years. But then, like the villain in a hacker movie,  he came back.

“A morsel of genuine history is a thing so rare as to be always valuable.”

Thomas Jefferson

In 1807, on the direct orders of President Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr was arrested and charged with treason. With Theodosia at his side, and after a month long trial (above),  Aaron Burr was acquitted, after no wittiness could testify to any act of treason on his part. But the rumors and the whiff of treason poisoned any chance he for a political future.

Burr then returned to New York City, and devoted himself to increasing the power of Tammany Hall Democratic club.

Then, in December of 1812, he was expecting Theodosia (above) to arrive for a holiday visit. She and Burr's grandson never arrived. Her ship, The Patriot, was assumed to have sunk in a hurricane off Cape Hatteras, with all hands lost. Burr continued to wait on piers in New York City. He never recovered from her death. In 1834 Aaron Burr suffered a stroke and died two years later. His contemporaries did not trust him, and both Jefferson and Hamilton sought to destroy him, but the man himself seems to have belonged more in our age, than in his own.

“Remember democracy never lasts long. It soon wastes, exhausts, and murders itself. There never was a democracy yet that did not commit suicide.”

John Adams

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ITS A WONDER - Learning From the Death Penalty

 

I might have voted guilty along with the rest of the judges in the Perry trial, even though one of the defendants had been charged with being a witch. That was Joan Perry. And she was hanged first. The authorities expected her eldest son, Richard, freed from Joan's witchcraft, would then confess. 

But to everyone’s surprise, after Richard, too, was dead, the youngest boy, John, whose confession had led to the execution of his entire family,  recanted. Still the judges remained certain. So John was duly hanged as well. If I had been the judge, I like to think that John's recantation would have led me to have second thoughts. Of course, by then it a little was too late. (http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/eggcorn.html)

The story behind this wonder takes place in Chipping Camden, in the Cotswold of England. "Chipping" is an old Welsh word for market, and “wold” is Welsh for an upland meadow, so this was a market town amidst the rolling limestone hills and open fields which were once the property of the Saxon King, Harold.

Under the invading Normans it became sheep country. In 1340, in Chipping Camden, the wool merchants were already so wealthy they built a hall on the High Street, using the honey-colored “Cotswold stone” as facing.

Even today the single street running through Chipping Camden looks as if it were untouched since the middle ages. In fact, this western corner of England was a violent incubator for the industrial revolution.

It is human nature that wealth surrounded by poverty seeks a moral justification. So it was no accident then that the Nuevo-rich Calvinist wool merchants in the Cotswold welcomed a belief in predestination – the certainty that they were wealthy because God predestined them to be wealthy before they had even been born. Thus the wealth of the cruel and vain was God’s will. Of this the Calvinists were certain. And they were certain that opposing them was to oppose God’s will.

In 1615, at the very start of the English civil war, the local lord, Sir Baptist Hicks, burned down his own manor house, rather than see it fall into the hands of the Calvinistic Parliamentarians who dominated Gloucestershire. Then  in 1649, these dead-certain Calvinists had grown so frustrated they beheading their intransigent King and suspected Catholic, Charles I.

 But the Calvinist experiment in government came to an end on New Years Day, 1660 when soldiers under Colonel George Monck crossed the River Tweed at the village of Coldstream, thus earning the regiment supporting the restoration of the monarchy the eternal and future title “The Coldstream Guards”.

A month later they were in London, and in late April, Charles Stuart, son of the last King of England, was crowned Charles II, the next King of England (above).  Monarchists returned to power all over country. In Chipping Campden it was Lady Juliana Campden, Baptist Hick's daughter, who occupied one of the few buildings not burned down by the Calivinsts (below).  But if anybody thought the restoration of the monarchy was going to return Britain to stability, they were about to suffer a very rude awakening.

Three months later, on Thursday, 16 August,  1660, the 70 year old William Harrison set out for an eight mile walk to collect rents for his mistress, the Lady Juliana Campden. His first stop would be two miles away in the village of Charingworth. And he expected to return home before dark with his purse filled with rent money. But come sunset, Mr. Harrison had not returned.

 At about 9 p.m. Harrison's servant, John Perry, was sent out to look for the old man at Charingworth and Paxford. The next morning Harrison’s own son went out to search for them both. The son found John Perry, who explained he had been looking all night for Mr. Harrison, to no avail.  Together they continued looking, and later that morning found William Harrison’s hat, slashed by a knife, and his shirt, caked in blood.

Suspicion quickly fell on Harrison's servant , John Perry.  Over several days of constant questioning and torture, John Perry told several stories but finally admitted he had suggested his own mother and brother should rob William Harrison and murder him.  And even though Joan and Richard both insisted on their innocence, the investigators felt certain that John had not lied, since he had implicated himself . No sane person would admit to that, even under torture.  Ponds and streams and wells were searched for poor Mr. Harrison's  body, or the rents he had collected. No trace of the old man or the money was found. The Perry family were held over the winter for trial.

On Sunday, 6 January, 1661, fifty lunatics (most of them ex-soldiers from Oliver Cromwell’s Calvinist army), stormed into St. Paul’s Cathedral in London and started roughing people up. They shot one poor fellow who talked back to them. They were preparing the way, they said, for the return of Jesus Christ, whom they intended to crown the next King of England.  It took an armed band of militia to chase the loonies out of the church.

Three days later the same loonies  stormed a prison and tried to free the prisoners. None were insane enough to come out of their cells. This time it took the loyal Coldstream guards to trap the loonies in a couple of taverns.  The leaders were tried for treason, hanged, drawn and quartered. It seemed there was such an air of un-certainty hanging over England, the citizens had become inspired to begin to demand certainty. 

In April of 1661 the Perry family were brought to trial, quickly convicted and duly hanged, one after the other. And if there were second thoughts after John's gallows recantation, they were put aside. Such was the need for certainty.

For even if Joan, Richard and John Perry had not killed poor Mr. Harrison, it was important that justice was seen to have been done.  And then in 1662, wonder of wonders, William Harrison walked back into to the village of Chipping Camden, certainly alive and allegedly well.

When questioned the old man (he was now seventy-two) told a murky tale of being set upon, stabbed, kidnapped, hustled aboard a ship, and sold in a Turkish slave market. He escaped, he said, when his new master died.  Mr. Harrison claimed he then became a ship hand back to England.   As others have noted, “The story told by Harrison is conspicuously and childishly false.”  And as a Mr. Paget noted, “much profit was not likely to arise from the sale of the old man as a slave…especially as the old man was delivered in a wounded and imperfect condition.”

So if not kidnaped to a Turkish prison, where did Mr. Harrison disappear to for 8 months in 1660?  Given that transportation in that age was mostly limited to “shanks mare”, William Harrison might have walked far enough that no one would recognize him,  But he must have been close enough to Chipping Camden to have heard, in those eight months, of the trial and hanging of his accused murderers. And yet the old man did not return to save those three lives.

But why did Mr. Harrison wait two years to return? Why not sooner? Why did Harrison return at all? And why did John Perry tell such wild tales?  Why did he send his own mother and brother to the gallows? Why did he not recant until the last moments of his life?  Could torture, the standard method used for questioning at the time, have produced  false testimony?  Perhaps the human soul is the real mystery, and not certain at all,   

In the end, all we know for certain is that John Perry, Richard Perry and Joan Perry were slowly strangled at the end of a rope, as punishment for a crime which they not only did not commit but which never happened.  Every thing else about this case is a mystery and a wonder. It is the Camden Wonder.

It is a wonder that, 300 years later, juries remain so certain that they continue to take the lives of those accused, when they have no earthly reason to be so certain, and certainly no heavenly justification either.

http://www.campdenwonder.plus.com/

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