VICKSBURG Chapter Ninety - Five

The whistle on the approaching locomotive shrieked in desperation. Angry hands grabbed the big iron “harp switch”, and forcefully slammed the flagged handle aside. With a ringing thud the lever shoved the twin iron rails 3 inches, opening the point.

A cheer rose from the men watching round the station. The 4 large drive wheels on the locomotive abruptly stopped turning, and white yellow sparks danced where the iron wheels now slid along the iron rails. One of the thin men shouted, “We are done walking, General!” The rabble cheered again. One of the rebel officers drew his Navy Colt revolver from his belt.

The trouble began after the Army of Mississippi reached the Southern Railroad 12 miles east of Jackson. They had been marching for a week, from Vicksburg to Edwards Depot, to Raymond, 3 more days to the Pearl River, 2 more days to be ferried across and to march north to Brandon. They had been promised they would board cars of the Southern Railroad for the 40 mile ride to Enterprise, and then a one day march south to new camps where they would wait to be exchanged for Yankee prisoners. 

These 30,000 sick, exhausted Confederate soldiers watched train after train disappear toward Enterprise, including the Governor escaping with many of the state records. Then, on Wednesday, 15 May the men were told there would be no trains for them. Discipline collapsed.

Private Epram McDowell Anderson, a 21 year old from the First Missouri Brigade, witnessed the riot of weary men. “Efforts were made,” he wrote a year after the war, “by moving the switch, to throw the trains...from the track...officers had to draw and threaten to use their side-arms before the mob could be subdued. (Later) One man got up in the plaza of Brandon and offered to...go and hang (General) Pemberton, the traitor.” And the dispirited remnants of the Army of Mississippi had to complete their journey via “shank's mare” to the Chickasawhay River and Enterprise, 12 miles from the Alabama border.

General “Old Joe” Johnston (above) had to stop the trains, to protect the locomotives. West of the still damaged Pearl River bridge some 90 steam engines had been or soon would be lost. None of these could be replaced. 

And while the Confederacy did everything it could to keep the Yankees from learning of the Brandon riot, 32 year old William Nugent, one time lawyer and now Mississippi Inspector General admitted in a 28 July letter to his wife Eleanor that, “...after the fall of Vicksburg I entertained the most gloomy forebodings...The great demoralization produced in our army...was enough to make one dispirited.” He hoped, he said, that with time the officers could, “...reorganize and re-discipline our army...”. It was a desperate hope. But with the fall of Vicksburg, the Confederacy had little left but desperation.

Disaster followed upon disaster. On Thursday, 9 July the outpost of Port Hudson surrendered 6,500 men to General Nathaniel Banks. On Friday, 10 July Joseph 'Old Joe' Johnston and his Army of Relief retreated back inside the defenses of Jackson. 

But with the Pearl River Bridge still not fully repaired, his 28,000 men had no hope of defending the town against the 40,000 Yankees gathering outside its trenches. The weather was hot, General Sherman noted, adding that “...on the morning of July 17th the place was found evacuated. General Steele's division was sent in pursuit as far as Brandon..but General Johnston had carried his army safely off, and pursuit in that hot weather would have been fatal to my command.”

And with that anticlimax, the Vicksburg campaign came to an end. Confederate President Jefferson Davis (above) had no doubt who and what was to blame for the outcome. Vicksburg was lost, he insisted, because of a “want of provisions inside and a general outside who would not fight.” The latter being the cranky and passive-aggressive Joe Johnston - whom Davis had appointed. 

But what about the general inside, the uninspired and uninspiring Lieutenant General John Clifford Pemberton (above)? He was also Davis' choice. And Davis had advised him not to follow Johnston's' orders. It seemed to b3e of a piece, Davis' refusal to admit any personal culpability in the disaster, Davis had also appointed Pemberton, and advising him to ignore Johnston's orders.

The Vicksburg Campaign began in December of 1862 and lasted 7 months through July of 1863. It cost the Yankees 10,000 dead, wounded and missing, while the Confederacy suffered over 45,000 causalities.  

In just 6 months, Jefferson Davis' insistence on holding Vicksburg and Port Hudson, even after Grant had destroyed the Pearl River Bridge, had cost the Confederate government an entire field army, as well as all but a 12 mile eastern sliver of Mississippi, some 48,500 square miles of sovereignty lost.

Jefferson Davis' culpability in this disastrous campaign proved a damning indictment of his military skills. The President of the Confederacy had no business telling any general where to place his men.

David Dixon Porter (above),  the 53 year old Admiral of the Yankee brown water navy, had been accused of never praising a superior. And he was never a close friend of Grant's. But he had nothing but praise for the Major General. 

“No ordinary general could have taken Vicksburg” said Porter. “Some men would have given it up....some would have demanded half the resources of the Union; but Grant never wavered in his determination, or in his hopes of success."

Most important of all to Midwest farmers, a war which had seemed a stalemate 7 months earlier, was now clearly on the path to victory. As Lincoln put it, “The father of waters now ran unvexed to the sea.”  And that was the achievement of Ulysses S. Grant.

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VICKSBURG Chapter Seventy – Four

Shortly after the battle of Plains Store, Lieutenant Colonel James Francis O'Brien sought to rally his hometown of Charlestown, Massachusetts to the suddenly unnerving cause of freedom. He began by denouncing the rebellion, “ which has caused thousands of our citizens to fill bloody graves.” And he had no doubt as to the cause of all this misery, identifying it as “the noxious institution of slavery”. 

However,  many in the north felt that fighting to defend the Union of the States was one thing, while fighting to free black skinned men, women and children was something else. The Irish in Boston were at the bottom of America's economic ladder, and saw ex-slaves as competition. But O'Brien wanted his fellow citizens to see the connection between their lives and freedom and the freedom of others.

He wrote, “Slave labor feeds our enemy in the field, digs his ditches, and builds his fortifications. Every slave liberated by our arms is a diminishment of rebel power. Every slave who wields a spade or musket in our cause is so much added to our strength.” Then James went further. “Now ...our blood is up, our armor is buckled on, the shield and sword are in our hands, and we are ready to stand on the blood sprinkled fields of our ancestors and swear in the presence of high heaven that this Union in which the happiness of unborn millions reposes, shall live.” In that one breathless appeal, an Irish immigrant had seen the yet unborn of African ancestry joined with the yet unborn of Irish descent as partners in any future America.

At 2:00 a.m., on Friday, 22 May, 1863, the men of 34 year old Brigadier General Cuvier Grover's division began landing at Bayou Sara. Often sited for bravery - he had even led a bayonet attack against “Stonewall” Jackson at Seven Pines – Grover was a courageous and smart commander. And he did not let a driving rain storm prevent his 4^th division from securing the crossings of Thompson's Creek before nightfall and meeting up with Yankee cavalry.  Immediately behind came the 3^rd Division of 37 year old curly haired Wisconsin lawyer, Brigadier General Halbert Eleazer Paine.

Also landing at Bayou Sara were 6 regiments of the Corps D'Afrique and the 4 regiments of the “Native Guards”, under 53 year old New York lawyer, Brigadier General Daniel Ullman (above). 

Ulman had approached Lincoln a year earlier, and urged him to allow black men to fight for their own freedom.  And now he was leading almost 5,000 of them into battle. The war was about to change in a very fundamental way.

Inside the trenches of Vicksburg, staunch rebel Emma Balfour was learning to face the transition into this new world. “If you see a shell burst above you,” she told her diary, “stand still, unless it is very high; if it be the sound of a Parrot, the shot has passed before you heard it...” 

She thought the Yankees lacked respect for the rebels, alleging they were firing at the city, “...thinking that they will wear out the women and children and sick, and Gen. Pemberton will be forced to surrender the place on that account, but they little know the spirit of Vicksburg’s women and children if they expect this. Rather than let them know they are causing us any suffering we would be content to suffer martyrdom.”

But Brigadier General William Tecumseh Sherman, facing the extreme right of the Vicksburg defenses, had something more aggressive in mind. Two rebel cannon threatened his sappers trying to dig an outflanking trench south of Mint Spring Bayou,  at the extreme end of the rebel line.  

Because of the swampy ground in the area, he could not place his own artillery to suppress their fire. He asked 59 year old Admiral David Dixon Porter for the use of a single ironclad boat to knock out the offending battery.

The problem, from Admiral Porter's viewpoint, was that any gunboat sent to deal with these two guns would have to pass within range of the Upper Water Battery, at the foot of Fort Hill – three 32 pound rifled cannons, one 32 pound smooth-bore cannon and a single 10” Columbiad. There was no ship in Porter's brown water navy which could stand up to that kind of point blank fire power in daylight. And the gunboat had to come down in daylight, and hug the eastern bank, to hit the 2 offending rebel guns. In short it was damn near suicidal. Still, Porter had never yet turned down a request for help from the army, and he had no intention of starting now.

Porter chose the USS Cincinnati  for the mission - a 512 ton, 175 feet long stern wheel ironclad, with a crew of 251 officers and men. She had just arrived from Cairo, having been rebuilt after being sunk in May of 1862, at Fort Pillow. And she was now steaming under the command of a great-great-grandson of Ben Franklin, 21 year old Lieutenant George Mifflin Bache, Jr. (above) 

The Cincinnati (above) could make 4 knots on her own, and steaming with the current south around the Desoto promontory she would be making almost 7 or 8 knots relative to the shore batteries, which gave her at least a chance of getting her four 32 pound port side rifles close enough to silence the offending cannon. In preparation they covered her deck in layers of green wood, and stacked hay around her boiler, intending to soak it in river water just before setting out.

And then the Cincinnati had a stroke of luck. Observers on the western shore reported that the guns of the Water Battery had disappeared. At least one was seen being manhandled out of the battery, so presumably they had all been shifted to strengthen the landward defenses. Lieutenant Bache was told his odds of surviving the mission had just improved substantially. Except they hadn't. Only 1 gun, the smooth-bore 32 pounder, had been moved. The other three 32 pound rifled cannon and the big Columbiad were still there, sitting low on their carriages and no longer visible from the western shore.

Leaving the guns recessed was the idea of battery commander, 20 year old baby faced Captain William Pratt “Buck” Parks (above), out of Little Rock, Arkansas. If he had not been plagued with reoccurring bouts of illness, “Buck” might have become a major by now. After his latest absence he was returned to duty as a quartermaster, and might have been at least partially responsible for the great Vicksburg pea bread disaster. Clearly his skill was as a line officer, which he displayed after being abruptly transferred to the Arkansas Battery, aka the Upper Water Battery.

On Tuesday, 26 May, 1863, the attentive Captain Parks read a coded message being flashed via Yankee semaphore flags down the west bank of the Mississippi. And he broke the code. A federal ironclad gun boat was coming down tomorrow morning to knock out two guns on the extreme right flank of the rebel line. Overnight Parks added piles of cut brush to camouflage the now raised guns. Amazingly not a single Yankee noticed, or if they did, did not bother to notify the Cincinnati.

At about 8:30 a.m., Wednesday, 27 May, 1863, the USS Cincinnati steamed around the tip of the DeSoto peninsula. Less than thirty minutes later it was all over. The first round fired by Park's guns was a 32 pound shot, at point blank range. It blasted through the Cincinnati's 2 ½ inch sloping armor like paper, plowed through the gun deck, penetrated the magazine and passed through the keel, breaking the gunboat's back. 

As the Mississippi began flooding into the ship, the second rebel shot sliced her tiller ropes, damaging her steering. The third shell passed through the pilot house, killing the helmsman and injuring several men next to him. Lieutenant Bache took the wheel. Standing now in the center of a sudden hell, he wrote, “ The enemy fired rapidly, and from all their batteries... hitting us almost every time. We were especially annoyed by plunging shots...(which) went entirely through our protection hay, woods, and iron. “

According to the correspondent for Harper's Weekly, “She went gallantly into action...and blazed away at the rebel batteries,.” But with a barrage of rifled shells cutting through the armor, Bache turned the Cincinnati back up stream. This immediately cut the ironclad's speed to a mere knot against the current, leaving her a sitting duck. “I ran her upstream,” Bache reported, “and as near the right-hand shore as our damaged steering apparatus would permit...we ran close in, got out a plank, and put the wounded ashore. We also got a hawser out to make fast to a tree to hold her until she sunk.”

In his report to Admiral Porter, Bach figured “...about 15 (men) were drowned and about 25 killed and wounded, and 1 probably taken prisoner.” The good news, according to the Lieutenant, was that, “ The boat sank in about 3 fathoms of water, lies level, and can easily be raised....” Also, “The vessel went down with her colors nailed to the mast, or rather the stump of one, all three having been shot away. Our fire until the magazine was drowned, was good, and I am satisfied did damage.”

The truth was the Cincinnati barely fired a round, and hit nothing. So after gambling a $90,000 vessel ($25 million in today's dollars), and a crew of 250 men, the government of the United States lost the boat and 50 men, and gained nothing except making it clear again to their enemy they would spare no expense in wealth or life to capture Vicksburg and destroy the rebellion.

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VICKSBURG Chapter Sixty - One

As his flotilla broke through the last of the rafts moored across the Yazoo River at Liverpool Landing,  28 year old Lieutenant Commander John Grimes Walker (above) was pleased to see white smoke rising above the tree line.  He could not yet hear explosions from the Yazoo City dockyards 15 miles upstream, but he knew he soon would - if not before his 3 ironclads and infantry filled transports arrived, then shortly there after. The smoke meant two things to Walker. First it meant he would not have to fight his way through the batteries on the heights above the town.  And once ashore, Walker had been ordered to destroy the three warships under construction in the dockyards of Yazoo City, and all of the equipment required to build them. But the smoke meant the rebel engineers had started Walker's job for him.

The man who had dispatched Walker on this mission was 49 year old Acting Real Admiral David Dixon Porter (above). Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles had promoted Porter over many other officers because his ambition made him “...fertile in resources (and)...great (in) energy...” But that energy and ambition almost got Porter sidelined before the shooting had actually begun. Late in March of 1861, then naval Lieutenant Porter received an unusual invitation from the new Secretary of State, William Seward.

Porter knew what the New York politician wanted to talk about; “The Forts” – Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, and Fort Pickens (above), at the entrance to Pensacola Bay, Florida.  Both brick fortifications were isolated and were under siege, but neither rebel nor Federal wanted to shoot first. 

But when Seward asked, “ Can you tell me how we can save Fort Pickens?”, the ambitious Porter could not restrain himself. He immediately answered, “I can, sir.” He then set to work, secretly drawing up a plan to fulfill his hasty promise.

At some point during the next few days it occurred to Porter that his hubris had put him far out on a limb which his boss, Secretary Gideon Welles, was likely to cut off. Still, a week later he assured President Lincoln and Secretary Seward that all he needed was the 16 gun steam frigate USS Powatan  (above) and “...a good-sized steamer and six or seven companies of soldiers...and the fort would soon be made impregnable.”

It was the amateur Lincoln who asked the key question. “Is this not a most irregular mode of proceeding? What will Uncle Gideon (above)  say?” Porter warned that disloyal clerks in the Navy Department would betray the expedition. “But if you will issue all the orders from the Executive Mansion,” Porter told Lincoln, “I will guarantee their prompt execution to the letter.” Lieutenant Porter then handed Lincoln four orders to sign. And one of those orders was so curious, Lincoln told Seward, “See that I don't burn my fingers.”

Two of the orders turned the USS Powhatan over to Porter and relieved the current captain. A third instructed the New York Navy Yard (above) – Commander Andrew Hull Foote - to secretly fit out the Powhatan and not tell the Navy Department when it sailed. 

But the fourth order relieved the commander of the Naval Bureau of Detail, the service's personal office, replacing him with 53 year old Virginian, Captain Samuel Barron (above).  He was a curious choice, certain to draw Gideon's attention. Barron was so pro-secession he would soon be named Secretary of the Confederate Navy.  The rest of Porter's fleet sailed in secret on the last day of March, 1861 - the frigate USS Sabine, the steam sloop USS Brooklyn carrying 200 infantry, and the sloop USS St. Louis. But all four orders were delivered to Secretary Welles along with a stack of routine paperwork, late on the afternoon of April Fools Day, 1861.

When the diligent “Uncle Gideon” read the order on the Bureau of Detail, he was furious. His anger was so great that when Lincoln saw him storming into the White House, the President innocently inquired, “What have I done wrong?” Welles launched into a tirade about Barron, but then added that he recognized the handwriting the order. He had uncovered the entire plot, and pointed out that Porter's intervention had left his transport, “The Star of the West”, which had already sailed to resupply Fort Sumter,  without the support of the USS Powhatan, as Welles had intended.  After an hour's discussion, Lincoln agreed to reverse the order concerning Barron. But by then it was too late to recall Porter, although Welles tried. Welles admitted to his diary, “I therefore pressed for no further disclosures.”

While Fort Pickens was reinforced even before The Powhatan arrived, Porter's political maneuvering had left “The Star Of The West” as an impotent threat trapped outside of Charleston Harbor. But that ships appearance inspired the rebel forces surrounding Sumter to demand it's immediate surrender. When the commander , Captain Anderson,  refused, the rebel's opened fire at 4:30 a.m. on Friday, 12 April, 1861, and the American Civil War began.

Porter (above) could claim he had tried to warn Welles about Secretary Seward's conspiracy. But Welles was not fooled. He could have treated Porter as a possible double agent for the Confederate states. Or he could have simply refused to advance him. But Welles was enough of a patriot that he found a way to overlook the ambitious Lieutenant's machinations. At least, Uncle Gideon told his diary, “Mr. Seward...committed (Porter) at once, and decisively, to the Union cause.” Welles felt comfortable in jumping Porter several ranks to an Acting Rear Admiral, and putting him in charge of Grant's “Brown Navy” after it's first commander, Andrew Foote, was promoted. And because of that, Vicksburg was doomed.

By Monday, 4 May, 1863, the port of Grand Gulf had been secured and Sherman's Corps had begun ferrying across the river. Porter was now free to press his advantage. One ironclad, the Mound City, was sent north to close off the Mississippi just below Vicksburg. Meanwhile Porter steamed south with the rest of his little fleet - The ironclads USS Benton and USS Pittsburg, the side wheel ram the USS Lafayette, the wooden gun boat USS General Price, the river boat USS Switzerland and the tug, USS Ivy. On Thursday, 7 May, these ships rendezvoused with Admiral Farragut's blue water ships at the mouth of the Red River.

Loading coal and ammunition, Porter's flotilla then steamed up the Red River to Alexandria, Louisiana. Here they made contact with Major General Nathaniel Prentiss Bank's Army of the Gulf, (above) finally returning to the Mississippi River after his Bayou Teeche adventure. Farragut could now provide shipping to transfer Bank's men to Port Hudson, which had been Bank's original assignment.

Beginning on Friday, 8 May a Union mortar flotilla, supported by the screw sloop USS Richmond, began a 2 day bombardment of the other remaining Confederate hold out on the Mississippi River, Port Hudson. It was largely ineffective, but gave the garrison a taste for of things to come. Meanwhile, by Friday, 15 May, Porter himself had rejoined his fleet anchored in the mouth of the Yazoo River above Vicksburg.

The very next day sailors reported hearing cannon fire off to the west. Unaware this was the distant echoes of the battle of Champion Hill, and not knowing the outcome of the battle, Admiral Porter ordered a tug to steam up the Yazoo River, looking for Grant's army. Finally, after making contact with the Iowa Cavalry on 18 May, Porter ordered the occupation of Snyder's Bluff,.

He also instructed the transports at Milliken's Bend to make steam, and begin landing food and ammunition at the Johnson Plantation a mile east of Chickasaw Bayou.

Grant and Sherman reached Snyder's Bluff on that Tuesday afternoon of 19 May. It had been 52 days since McClernand's corps had begun building the road south from Young's Point. Seeing that rations were already being landed, Major General William Tecumseh Sherman (above) admitted that until this moment he had doubted Grant's plan would work.  In fact, Sherman's XV Corps marching toward Vicksburg behind him would that evening consume the last of their rations. Had Snyder's bluff held out for even a few days, Grant's army might have been forced to retreat into the interior to seek food. The nearest ammunition depot was back in Grand Gulf. But even there the army did not hold enough to supply a single battle. But now Sherman had no doubts. 

He told Grant this was “one of the greatest campaigns in history.” Grant accepted the compliment, and announced his intention to attack Vicksburg in the morning.

In fact, the Federal supply problem was not solved – not yet. On Wednesday, 20 May, two Missouri units, two companies of Major William Tweeddale's Engineer Regiment of the West, and Captain Herman Klosterman's Pioneer Company from Sherman's XV Corps, set 432 men to work rebuilding the road from Johnson's plantation, up onto the bluffs, and 6 miles beyond to the rear of the new Federal lines hemming in Vicksburg.  

Although the first wagons moved off that morning, full rations of food and ammunition would not supplied until 24 May.  But improvements to the supply continued to be made until the end of the siege, including over 500 feet of bridges, first pontoons and then more permanent structures.

On the afternoon of Thursday, 21 May, the federal ironclads Baron DeKalb and Chocktaw, the tinclads Forest Rose, Linden and Petel, dropped anchor in the Yazoo River, off Yazoo city.  Under their powerful guns, Lieutenant Command John Grimes Walker landed troops. 

They found the burned out hulks of the rebel ironclad rams which Admiral Porter had been so concerned about for so long - the Mobile, and the Republic, as well as the remains of a 3^rd even larger vessel, as yet unnamed.

The dockyard's 5 carpenter and blacksmith shops had also been burned down by the rebels before their retreat.  It seemed obvious that 45 year old Confederate Naval Lieutenant Isaac Newton Brown, in charge of the construction of the rams, had received little or no warning of Pemberton's decision to abandon Snyder's Bluff.   The federal tinclads spent the next day prowling up the river for a few miles, burning buildings, boats and bridges. The shore crews destroyed a sawmill and lumberyard north of Yazoo City. 

All public property in Yazoo City itself was burned down, but leaving the  private businesses along main street (above) untouched.  One hundred fifteen military patients at a hospital in town were given paroles And on Saturday, 23 May, 1863, Lieutenant Commander Grimes steamed his little fleet back to the mouth of the Yazoo River.

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